| Interactions among animals and plants |
| Plant galls |
| Caused by Diptera |
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| Anthomyiidae | Cecidomyiidae | Cecidomyiidae |
| Caused by Hemiptera |
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| Adelgidae | Aphididae |
| Caused by Hymenoptera |
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| Cynipidae | Cynipidae | Tenthredinidae |
| Caused by Acaria: Eriophyidae |
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| Aceria | Eriophyes | Phyllocoptes |